At ICRISAT, two different shoot regeneration systems have been developed to generate transgenic plants. These include regeneration from the seedling-derived leaf explants and embryo axis-derived meristematic explants that can be used for efficient transformation through both Agrobacterium - and biolistics-mediated genetic transformation. These systems are effective in a wide range of pigeonpea cultivars across different maturity groups. Based on the selection of positive transformants from the putative transgenic plants following in vitro selection, transformation frequencies of up to 65% have been obtained. The regeneration protocol based on leaf explants is efficient for high frequency regeneration of multiple adventitious shoots in over 90% of explants that were devoid of pre-existing meristematic cells and the site of differentiation was predictable. This simple, reliable and reproducible protocol overcomes the notion that legumes are recalcitrant to regeneration in tissue cultures. The status of pigeonpea transgenics being developed by ICRISAT is listed in the following table.